Terrance McNallys Its Only a Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrance McNallys Its Only a Play - Essay Example Terrance McNally’s It’s Only a Play There was a second when a line in the main demonstration was given by Noah Mittman, playing Gus, that appeared to break the authenticity inside the work. Quite a bit of his exhibition, while great, appeared to be a piece slowed down in places. The character played by J. Scratch Dickart, by the name of James, hurried up when it appeared to have missed the mark. The communications between these two characters appeared to make them pace troubles which made an issue for me. I completely appreciated the character of the maker, Julia, played by Ilasiea Gray. While defective the part appeared to mirror the blemishes of the character with the goal that those minutes that probably won't have been as conceivable go for character imperfections. The translation of the job caused it to appear to be normal to the theater, even in its naivetã ©, a situation where she ‘interprets’ dramatic expressions to individuals from the play as though they would not get them. Somehow or another, it was simpler to identify with her as she was to some degree outwardly of the performance center glancing in when she identified with different characters, which set her in a comparative situation as the audience.As a portion of the amusingness was over the training of the crowd, so too was the circumstance over her experience, in this way making her all the more effectively relatable. She was a space between the crowd and the activity of different characters which facil itated the strain that can exist between ’theater people’ and the individuals who just join in or help all things considered. While she was a maker, she was as yet not completely inundated or as experienced. 4. Acting is something other than an assortment of individual exhibitions. The whole organization needs to cooperate as a unit (this is once in a while called group): every on-screen character must play out their own job as well as help different entertainers. Talk about how the entertainers reâ ­lated or neglected to identify with each other. Did they hear each out other and react? Did any entertainer appear to be flaunting' and overlooking the others? Answer Question 4 The one part of the play that appeared to be exceptionally fruitful was that the characters appeared to be working together with each other and they were cooperating to make the entirety of the scenes work. The on-screen characters were locked in with each other, every scene appearing to stream no rmally with not many of those minutes when a crowd of people part will consider that reality that they were going to a play. The cleverness was structured with the idea of embellishment and misuse of the

Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster (1987) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster (1987) - Essay Example One of the primary debacles was a fire at a soccer arena in Bradford in May 1985. Many turned on their TVs on a Saturday evening for the week by week coordinate outcomes just to be defied with scenes of a blasting wooden arena and people, one at any rate ablaze, running from the scene. Different fiascos incorporated a plane fire at Manchester Airport during the center of the Christmas season, the sinking of a British ship off Zeebrugge with generous death toll, a fire at Kings Cross, the exploding of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie four days before Christmas, live inclusion of lethal pounding at Hillsborough soccer arena at the FA Cup semi-last and the sinking of the Marchioness delight pontoon on the River Thames during the August bank occasion end of the week, 1989. [Anne Eyre, PhD] Envoy of Free Enterprise is an entertaining name given that it was the quest for benefit at the expense of security that caused the mishap. [www.everything2.com] The Herald of Free Enterprise, similar to her sister ships Pride of Free Enterprise and Spirit of Free Enterprise, was a cutting edge ro-ro traveler/vehicle ship intended for use on the high-volume short Dover-Calais ship course. [www.unisa.edu.au] The British ship was worked by Schichau Unterweser in Bremerhaven, Germany, in 1980 and claimed by Townsend Thoresen, and had two sister ships: Pride of Free Enterprise and Spirit of Free Enterprise. ... The standard entry was finished up late toward the evening. The flight was deferred due to the huge number of travelers, on account of an extraordinary offer. The boat had a group of 80 and conveyed 459 travelers, 81 vehicles, 3 transports, and 47 trucks. As the Zeebrugge harbor was little, it device parcel of time for the boat to move out to the ocean. The quiet climate and away from of the ocean would have made a sheltered and lovely excursion for the travelers on quickly, however it happened in any case for the travelers of this boat. The bow entryway, which was the passage to the vehicle deck, had been left all the way open which was the demonstration of carelessness of obligation by the group. In the ocean not far away from the coast, the boat speeded up to 18 bunches, which made huge amounts of water attack into the boat's inside. The massive water mass caused lopsidedness, which caused the ship to overturn on a sand bank simply off the coast close Zeebrugge. This made stand am ong the travelers and crewmembers in the boat and frenzy struck when lights went off. Following this everybody on the boat trying to escape the boat battled one another. The British ship Herald of Free Enterprise upset on March 6, 1987 at ten past eight at night, bringing about passings of 193 individuals, 150 travelers and 43 crewmembers, the most elevated loss of life in the British history of death brought about by vessel sinking since the time Titanic sank. [www.relativesremembered.com] In spite of the fact that the boat didn't impart a SOS sign, the salvage troops were there quick. Inside three hours 360 individuals had been spared from the sinking transport. Belgian salvage laborers showed up rapidly and began sparing the travelers with boats and helicopters and 408 individuals were spared and 50 dead bodies were

5 Great Ways to Solve Problems and Spark Your Creativity

5 Great Ways to Solve Problems and Spark Your Creativity A few weeks ago I was working on the paperback version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, and I was feeling stuck. Here was my problem: The e-book version contains hundreds of hyperlinks leading to various references, web pages and articlesâ€"and a mere click of a mouse makes it easy to go to the linked material. The names of pages are nice and neat, with hyperlinks hidden to the viewer. I had not considered how I would handle this situation in a hard copy of the book! How was I to present all these pages and hyperlinks in print? My book designer had simply made titles of articles blue. But without a link, these would be useless to the reader. The next option, inserting long URLs into the body of the text, would be distracting and messy. I asked my assistant to put her head together with the book designer and figure out something. And I went for a swim. Light Bulb Moment… In the shower after my swim, a light bulb went off: Why not use footnotes for all the URLs in the book? We could then create an appendix with all the links. That way there would not be distracting links in the body of the book, and any readers industrious enough could go to the appendix and explore the “extras”! I called my assistant as soon as I was dry enough to convey my idea. Problem solved! Perhaps I would have thought of this solution without going for my swim. But it’s not an infrequent occurrence for me to have creative sparks ignite when doing “mindless” laps in the pool, or shortly thereafter. I’ve come up with some great “roasts” for family occasions while losing track of what lap I’m on! It’s Not a Random Occurrence! Last summer, I was at a week-long leadership training and a similar thing happened. I knew there was a talent show at the end of the week but I had no idea what, if anything, I would contribute to it. In the middle of the week, I left campus for a day to take care of some business commitments. On the drive home, my creative juices started flowing and a skit to the music of “Summer Lovin’” from Grease was born. That skit turned into the most talked-about event of the training. These two incidents point to some ideas about what sparks creativity. Not all of us have teams of people to speak and collaborate with to generate new ideas. So we’re left to structure our lives in a way that creativity can arise. There are some simple ways to minimize the chance of getting stuck in a rut. 5 Ways to Solve Problems and Spark Creativity Exercise. Do something to get into your body and out of your default brain! For me, swimming and yoga provide welcome time to let my mind drift and do its magic. For some, it’s walking or running. Find the exercise that works best for you! Travel. If you can, take your business on the road for a week (or even a year!). A change of scenery can have a surprising impact on your thought process. I personally notice my energy waning if I stay in one place for too long, and I am fortunate to be able to carry my business with me. Meditate. Quieting the mind for even 10 minutes a day can produce new thoughts you never expected at random times of the day. This worked for me during the brief time I had a daily meditation practice! Read. I’ll tell you a secret: Many of my blog ideas come from reading Success Magazine â€" including this one! What’s your focus? Where would you like a spark of creativity? Find something related to that topic of area to read! Do something different. Something as simple as brushing your teeth with your non-dominant hand can interrupt your brain waves and give you new ideas! So can speaking in a different language or driving a new route to work! Do you have other tried and true ways to unstick yourself when you’re stuck, to generate new ideas and get moving on an idea or project? Please share them belowâ€"or share how you have used the 5 methods above to create results in your life!

Benjamin Harrison The Road to Presidency Essay - 949 Words

Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd president of the United States of America. He was born on a small Ohio farm on August 20, 1833, the second of nine children of hard working parents John Harrison and Elizabeth Ramsey Harrison. In many ways Benjamin Harrison was â€Å"born to be President† because of his heritage. He was named after his great grandfather who was a member of the House of Burgesses and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the grandchild of 19th President of the United States William Henry Harrison, and the descendent of many other significant political officers and patriots. All of these facts added up to his reputation and led up to his presidency. John Harrison, Benjamin’s father, expected much of young†¦show more content†¦As Benjamin was about to leave for his studies, tragedy struck. In the summer of august of 1850, just before Benjamin left, his mother Elizabeth gave birth to a son named James. The birth was hard for Elizabeth and she never recovered. Days before Benjamin was to leave for school, his mother passed away, and shortly afterwards the baby also died. Although her death was incredibly depressing for Benjamin he went to college on time and continued his studies. Benjamin began college in September 1850, and he was known as a â€Å"smart, stern, quiet, and religious student.† He followed his father’s stern teaching and joined the local Presbyterian Church. He did not have much of a social life outside of class and did not spend much time with his fellow classmates. Even though, Benjamin quickly discovered that he had a gift for public speaking. He impressed his teachers and peers alike with his words and his fluent thinking. He joined the Union Literary society, a club at his local college, and became its president. Members of the club discussed various subjects that Benjamin enjoyed, such as politics, literature, world history, American history, and speech. Benjamin even gave speeches on these subjects to his classmates and his teachers. Benjamin’s father, John wanted his son to become a Presbyterian minister. Once Benjamin had left college he decided to be a lawyer because of hisShow MoreRelatedAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pagescolonists seeking foreign markets for their exports? (10pts) 4. Write your definition of democracy. The use this definition to create a T-chart to analyze the validity of democracy developing in colonial America Pocahontas Anne Hutchinson Benjamin Franklin Royal veto John Rolfe Roger Williams George Whitefield Lord Baltimore William Bradford John Peter Zenger Virtual representation Walter Raleigh John Winthrop Paxton boys James Oglethorpe Puritans Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesprovide few tools to understand the mechanisms of migration. For example, one village may have had a population so devoted to emigration that even the fields were left barren or leased to outsiders, while another village a few kilometers down the road with almost identical conditions may have produced no migrants at all. Aggregate models and economic approaches are also hard-pressed to explain why migrants chose to travel to one location when wages and opportunities were clearly superior elsewhereRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesfate throws at organizations. †¢ †¢ †¢ And why contemporary writers are sceptical of systems theory Critics suggest that an excessive faith in the theory can lead people in organizations down some wrong paths. The organization theorists Michael Harrison and Arie Shirom (1999) suggest: †¢ The search for rules and regulations that would ‘cure’ situations where there are problems between subsystems can lead to major problems. Instead of searching for new rules, it is better for managers to take a pragmaticRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWilliam Chen Group #4 Manager Leo Jones Group #5 Manager Mark McIntyre Group #6 Manager John Small Group #7 Manager Janice Ramos Group # 8 Manager Marcus Harper Customer Service Manager Armand Marke Office Administrator Michelle Harrison Technical Staff Technical Staff Technical Staff Technical Staff Technical Staff Technical Staff Technical Staff Technical Staff Technical Staff Technical Staff INTRODUCTION 31 on the response form. All your

The Civil War And Its Effect On The Reconstruction Process

Reconstruction The time of the Reconstruction saw one of the biggest stalemate in American history where the Union was at its youngest and most fragile state. At this time, the American Civil war had just ended and there was the prevailing threat of the continuation of slavery. Lincoln’s approach was lenient, where he expected that whatever Southern states that accepted to end slavery with at least 10% of their male population was going to be part of the confederation and help in rebuilding, while hostile states would be rejected. There were others, however, who were not as enthusiastic as himself in this pursuit and preferred to complicate the situation. This paper looks at the rightness or wrongness of the stance that Lincoln took and its effect on the reconstruction process. The radicals in the South were less accommodative to what President Lincoln was trying to implement at the time. The carpetbaggers and scalawags at the time, began, rebuilding the Southern economy on their own terms, far from the policy President Lincoln was bringing in. because of the end of slavery, freemen were equally included in building the economy, where schools were built and shared between the races, roads were constructed and social amenities were restored to the general public. The contribution by Blacks became important in the South at this time, and their social, political and civil rights were reinstated to be equal to those of whites. This movement saw the need for inclusion as theShow MoreRelatedHow Did The Radical Republican s Rise For The Failure Of The Post Civil War Reconstruction?1619 Words   |  7 Pagesfailure of the post-civil war reconstruction? The time between 1863, when Lincoln passed the ten percent act, until the year 1877, when reconstruction was offi cially ended, will be evaluated with information provided by the sources. The investigation will specifically look to how the Lincoln assassination allowed for the rise in the Radical Republican Party from 1866 to 1868 and the party’s effect on reconstruction acts leading to the failure of the post-civil war reconstruction era. Eric Foner’sRead MoreOrdeal or Reconstruction1334 Words   |  6 Pages1. What were the four main questions facing peacemakers in 1865? a. The aftermath of the war was crucial due to the fact that the south and north were totally separated during the civil war, but more importantly was that all the fighting had ben done in the south, which meant that the majority of the damage was done in the southern towns. This caused the towns and fields to be ruined, and many properties worthless. So many peacemakers wanted to assure the southerners possessions. b. SecondlyRead MoreChapter 22 Apush Key Terms1694 Words   |  7 Pagesthe end of the Civil War. 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Following the Union’s victory, the seceded states had to be readmitted into the UnionRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Grave Cause Of Many Events. Many People1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil war was a grave cause of many events. Many people may see the results of the war as a chain reaction to many following eras. One of the most prominent eras that emerged from the civil war was the reconstruction era. The reconstruction era emerged around 1865 and continued until 1877. This time period generally refers to the time in United States history in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union. The States wereRead MoreAwake of the Civil War781 Words   |  4 PagesIn the wake of the Civil War, Congress acceded to pressure to have the federal government intercede to secure African Americans rights.   What were some of the long-range effects of that government posture? The Union Victory in the Civil War in 1865 granted freedom to approximately 4 million slaves, however, the process of rebuilding the South during the Reconstruction period 1865-1877 brought a lot of challenges. In 1865 and 1866 under the supervision of President Andrew Johnson, new SouthernRead MoreEconomic, Social, and Political Effects of the Reconstruction Era798 Words   |  4 PagesPrompt: What were the long-term economic, social, and political effects of Reconstruction? The United States was challenged with many issues after the Civil War like crop lien work contracts, segregation, and unresolved problems with the seceded states. This period was called Reconstruction. After the Civil War, African Americans were free but with no place to live in or to work at, they settled with their former ‘masters’. African Americans were technically free, but no one wanted to hire a coloredRead MoreCause And Effects Of The Civil War Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pages Jean Park US History Period 4 23 September 2017 The Effects of the Civil War The civil war was between the Northern and Southern states, which were divided on the issue of slavery. The northern states didn’t want slavery to continue while the south wanted slavery to continue. This disagreement led to a five-year war from 1861-1865 leading to many social changes like the how the emancipation proclamation leading to the formation of the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments. Which allowed the African AmericansRead MoreThe Civil War : A Bloody War Ever Fought1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War, also known in the United States as just the Civil War, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the thirty four states in 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew to include eleven states. Even though they claimed thirteen states and addition al western territoriesRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War1054 Words   |  5 Pages As the civil war was ending many people could see that the odds of the north winning increased dramatically however many people can argue this idea based on the several events that took place during the second phase of the civil war. Carl Schurz concluded, â€Å"The Civil War was a revolution, but half accomplished.†(Roark et al 434) Reconstruction started before the civil war ended until 1877, when people of the United States tried figuring out how to put the country back together. Many people had

Eastman Kodak Free Essays

ACC 230 Week 4 Checkpoint Nov 15, 2012 Chapter 3, Page 111, Problem 3. 16b Eastman Kodak Eastman Kodak appears to be profitable even though their net income has decreased. They show an increase in sales since from 2002 to 2004, but their operating costs also increased by 15. We will write a custom essay sample on Eastman Kodak or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 % from 2002 to 2003. The increase in sales was primarily through acquisitions and the impact of foreign exchange rates on their holdings. Kodak’s largest holding, Digital and Film Imaging Systems, experienced a 1% decrease during this period. In a comparative analysis of the years 2003 and 2004, Kodak increased their current assets and decreased total assets. This reflects the disposal of assets such as equipment, plant and property, and complete discontinuance of certain operations. This decrease in total assets can be seen as a prudent move in their restructuring process. They also decreased their number of employees in 2004 and cut back on their advertising expense. Kodak has decreased total liabilities by 4%. This is the result of decreases in short term and long term borrowings. By paying off debt, the company is improving its overall financial position. Kodak also sows a positive net profit margin even though they show a loss in 2004. Kodak’s other income in 2004 resulted from settlements in favor of Kodak which will not recur in future periods. There is a drop in total shareholder’s equity, but they have shown an increase in the equity percentage held by the company. This seems to be the result of $104k more shares in 2004 than in 2003, since the total number of shares outstanding remained constant in 2003 and 2004. Retained earnings on stock increased in 2004. The company seems to be in good standing from a profitability viewpoint. If they continue with the changes to the company’s structure, they should be able to stay in a profitable income margin. How to cite Eastman Kodak, Essay examples

Strategic Planning - Key Options and Limits Of Sony Corporation

Question: Produce a report for Sony Ericsson. Answer: Four key options of Sony Corporation Market entry Market entry is one of the most strategies that have been used by many companies so that they can be competitive in the market. Before SMC decides to enter a new market, they need to understand the market first. It is always better for the company to understand the complications that they may face when they are planning to enter the new market. The existing mobile companies should be analyzed so that SMC can get an idea if they can survive in the new market or not. Also SMC needs to decide on the mode of entry so that arrangements for the same can be made accordingly. Lastly, the trade barriers also need to be considered so that SMC can get an idea about their eligibility in the market. Substantive growth Substantive growth strategy will help SMC to grow in the existing area itself. Few of the management members may think that this strategy will not make much difference to the business but that is not true. With the help of substantive growth strategy, a loss making company like SMC will soon become stable and hence, the management will then be stable regarding the direction in which they need to move. Substantive growth will help the business to be competitive enough and hence, the management can be competitive enough to compete with the other similar businesses in the market. Limited growth strategy Limited growth strategy can be used by SMC if the management is not willing to take big risks. Few of the managers may think that it is very important for the organization to limit the growth of the company. If the growth is not limited then there are possibilities that the company may land in an unknown direction. Limited growth will help the company to avoid massive debt. The company may think that they can manage debt now but this will be a problem in the near future. The management can take their time and decide on what they want to do and what they should avoid. Retrenchment strategy Retrenchment strategy is undertaken by SMC when they are sure that they dont want to grow back or when they may think that the growth will be planned only after a period of few years. The size of the organization would be reduced and hence, in retrenchment strategy the management will have to look for ways by which the employees who are retrenched should be satisfied by way of monetary benefits or outplacement help. This strategy will have to be dealt with very sensitively so that the sentiments of the existing employees arent hurt. Even the trade union may get aggressive if proper justification for retrenchment is not given to the employees (Lecraw 1984). Selection of strategy Sony Corporation should opt for market entry strategy rather than that of looking at other strategies. The management of the company will have to put in extra efforts and also will have to make huge investment but it is worth to make the investment as the company will witness growth in the near future. There are plenty of reasons due to which market strategy is recommended over the other strategies which are available in the market. Few of the advantages due to which Sony Corporation should be recommended to opt for market entry strategy rather than that of any other strategy are discussed below. Plenty of markets are available so SMC can choose the one wherein they think that they can be successful. SMC should conduct a market research so that they can get an idea about the market that they are planning to enter and at the same time, the company will also get an idea about the risks that they will have to bear if they are planning to enter the new market. The return on investment is very high if the company is planning to invest to a new market. Initially the management will have to put in extra efforts so that they can be better than that of existing players in the market but the revenue generation opportunity that SMC may get in foreign country cannot be expected in the local country where the competition is high and at the same time, the return on investment will also be lower (Lorange 1996). If the company is planning to enter a developing nation then there are possibilities that the cost of entering the nation will be very low as compared to that of the cost set-up in the developed nation. If SMC is not sure about the benefits that they may get by way of entering the new country then they are recommended to form a merger with one of the existing companies. This will help the company to share the cost and at the same time, good revenue generation can be expected. SMC can combine their strengths with the strength of the local company and this will help them to be successful in the market. It is always better to look for ways by which the company can form a union with an existing company as the existing company will be aware of the likes and dislikes of the people in the local market (Nandakumar 2010). Roles and responsibilities of Sony Staff in Strategy implementation One cannot simply implement the strategy without the help of different team in the organization. It is the responsibility of the management to look for ways by which strategy implementation can be undertaken successfully. Few of the professionals who will be involved in the strategy implementation process are discussed below. The management will be directly involved in the strategy implementation process. These people will decide on the strategy that needs to be implemented and the different people who will be involved in the process of strategy implementation. All the major decisions that will be taken by different team with regards to strategy implementation will be approved by the management. The management of SMC may not be involved directly in the strategy implementation process but they will be actively involved. The human resource team will be very actively involved in the strategy implementation process. The human resource team will be involved in the hiring process. The management will have to continuously keep the human resource team informed about the resources that will be hired in the organization. The management of Sony Corporation needs to understand that without proper resources, the organization will not be able to implement the strategy that has been planned. The human resource professionals will closely work with the management so that they can hire the resources as per the strategy that has been planned. The finance team in the organization will have to be involved in the strategy implementation process. Every penny that is used by Sony Corporation for the purpose of strategy implementation will be directly approved by the finance team (Paul 2013). If the finance professionals at Sony arent convinced with the money that the company is going to spend for the purpose strategy implementation then the funds will not be allocated. The finance team will have to be given an estimation regarding the cost so that the finance team can approve. Depending on the approval, finance team will allocate funds for the strategy implementation. The middle level managers are the only connectivity between the top level management and the employees. The employees in the organization cannot be ignored while strategy implementation is being undertaken. The middle level managers will get a brief explanation on the strategy that will be implemented and accordingly, the middle level managers will communicate the same to the employees. It is very important for the middle level managers to be informed. In case of ignorance, the employees will continue to follow the same routine and this may lead to failure in strategy implementation. It is merely impossible for the management to inform all the employees individually and hence, middle level managers should be involved (Rajala 2009). Resource requirements for the implementation of new strategy Market entry is the strategy which has been opted by Sony Corporation so that they can fight against the problems that they are facing in the market. It is very important for Sony Corporation to look for ways by which the new strategy can be implemented in the organization. If there is no proper planning then there are very less chances that the strategy can be successfully implemented. The resources that will be required by Sony Corporation for the successful implementation of strategy are discussed below. First and foremost, the management will have to make arrangements for the financial requirements. If the organization is entering a new market then they will require lot of money. Sony Corporation will have to set aside the funds required for the purpose of entering new market. In case of lack of financial resources, the company will not be able to explore all the available options. The company will also have to look for tangible property like land, equipments and furniture. The land and office will be required so that Sony Corporation can start with their operations in the new place. If Sony Corporation wants to set their manufacturing plant in the new market then they will require a lot of equipments. On the other end, if the company is just planning to set their office then there will be very less equipments like computers, printers and few more things (Rumelt 1982). Sony Corporation will also look for human resources. The resources should be well trained so that the employees can be productive from the day of hiring and at the same time, getting employees, who are aware of the work that they need to do at Sony Corporation, is also a difficult task. The organization can hire employees who are technically strong so that the management can provide cultural training to the employees regarding the culture and attitude of Sony Corporation workplace. Technology is also one of the things that Sony Corporation will require so that they are successful in the strategy implemented. If Sony Corporation is planning to enter into a developing economy then they will find it difficult to find the existing technologies. If Sony thinks that they have better technology in their current office then they can transfer the same to the new location. Government approvals and other formalities will have to be taken care of before the organization starts with exporting technology (Webster 1996). SMART Objectives and balance score card Sony Corporation very well understands that they will have to set SMART objectives for the business so that they can survive in the business. Few of the SMART objectives that would help Sony Corporation to improve continuously and also achieve the market entry strategy are as follows: - 1. Sony Corporation will increase the sale of Sales mobiles in the new market by 15%, in the next two financial years. 2. The company wants to achieve 90% customer satisfaction in the first year. Slowly and steadily, they want the customer satisfaction to increase to 99.9% by the third year. 3. The company wants the produce mobile for people with different expectations. Simple basic mobile will also be produced and at the same time, high end mobiles will also be produced (Schaap 2012). Balance score card will help Sony Corporation to understand the expectations that the customers have from them and also the place where they stand. The balance score card of Sony Corporation with regards to the market entry strategy is as follows. Objectives Measures Targets Initiatives Financial Increase the market share Attract the customers to buy Sony Corporation mobiles over the competitor product. 15% increase in the revenue Mobile will be available in different price range. Extensive marketing so that the customers are aware of the presence of Sony Corporation. Customer Produce mobiles at low price Lower cost of production Decrease the price of mobiles by 20-30% Cheaper modes of marketing will be undertaken. Internal business processes Increase the number of mobile sets Quantity in the number of customers $100,000 increase in the revenue Every person will have a mobile that fits their budget. Learning and growth Understand the expectations of the customers Number of training programs will be increased Every employee will have to undergo minimum 30 hours training in a months time The managers suggestion with regards to training will be taken into consideration. References Ameen, D. (1990). Evaluating alternative computer acquisition strategies. Journal of systems management, 41(9). pp. 15 Bai, Y. (2010). International diversification strategies: Revisited from the risk perspective. Journal of banking and Finance, 34(1). pp. 236-245 Beard, D. (1981). Corporate-Level Strategy, Business-Level Strategy, and Firm Performance. The academy of management Journal, 24(4). pp. 663-688 Geringer, M. (1989). Diversification Strategy and Internationalization: Implications for MNE Performance. Strategic management Journal, 10(2). pp. 109-119 Green, J. (1992). Structuring an acquisition strategy. Small business reports, 17(12). pp. 50 Grundy, T. (1996). Strategy, acquisitions and value. European management Journal, 14(2). pp. 181-188 Hagen, B. (2012). International strategy and performanceClustering strategic types of SMEs. International business review, 21(2). pp. 369-382 Hoffman, W. (2007). Strategies for managing a portfolio of alliances. Strategic management Journal, 28(8). pp. 827-856 Lecraw, D. (1984). Diversification Strategy and Performance. The journal of industrial economics, 33(2). pp. 179-198 Lorange, P. (1996). Interactive strategiesAlliances and partnerships. Long range planning, 29(4). pp. 581-584 Nandakumar, M. (2010). Business-level strategy and performance: The moderating effects of environment and structure. Management decision, 48(6). pp. 907-939 Paul, D. (2013). Information technology and Business-level strategy: Toward an integrated theoretical perspective. MIS Quarterly, 37 (2). pp. 483-509 Rajala, S. (2009). Toward an International Strategy. ASEE Prism, 18(6). pp. 35 Rumelt, R. (1982). Diversification Strategy and Profitability. Strategic management Journal, 3(4). pp. 359-369 Schaap, J. (2012). Strategy implementations. Strategic management Review, 6(1). pp. 98-121 Webster, E. (1996). COSATU: old alliances, new strategies. Southern Africa report, 11(3). pp. 3 Zaefarian, G. (2010). Resource acquisition strategies in business relationships. Industrial marketing management, 40(6). pp. 862-874.

Coaching Relationships and Characteristics

Today, in the 21st century, the practice of coaching has increasingly gained currency in organizational settings, with the two most predominant types of coaching being executive coaching and employee-oriented coaching. The current paper seeks to promote our understanding of coaching in the organizational context not only by exploring what current research says about coaching relationships but also expounding on the characteristics and attributes associated with effective organizational coaches.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Coaching Relationships and Characteristics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coaching relationships, according to existing literature, may be formed between the supervisor and the employee, or between a professional coach and an executive. In the first type of relationship, the employee is the primary beneficiary of the coaching exercise, implying that both the process and perceived effective ness of this type of coaching are contingent upon the established association between the manager and employee. In executive coaching, a member of senior management is on the receiving end of coaching, hence is obliged to establish a mutually beneficial relationship with the executive coach to achieve effectiveness.  Although it has been well documented that consecutive studies have failed to effectively investigate the concept of coaching relationships or avail tools for evaluating those relationships, it is clear in the minds of scholars and practitioners that coaching relationships can be used as a useful management tool for guiding and developing employees. Some empirical studies have found employee coaching relationships existing between subordinates and their direct supervisors to be of immense importance in enhancing employee productivity, which then raises the bar for organizational performance and competitiveness. Positive coaching relationships, according to existing lit erature, are essential ingredients in developing the climate, environment and context needed to empower employees and teams to generate the anticipated organizational results. More importantly, employee coaching relationships not only present the platform for managers or supervisors to avail one-on-one feedback and insights aimed at guiding and stimulating improvements in subordinates’ work performance, but are also critically instrumental in creating a climate which enhances employees’ capacities and capabilities for future roles and/or challenges. It is important to note that coaching relationships are not determined by ‘one-time, one-way’ relationships; instead, they are ongoing collaborative processes, that to a large extent vary depending on the individuals involved. Consequently, it is correct to argue that the nature or quality of coaching relationships fluctuate across individual employees and members of the executive team, depending on the charact eristics demonstrated by the coach. Effectiveness, therefore, can only be achieved when manager/employee interactions are predicated upon the establishment of action-oriented, results-motivated, and person-directed types of coaching relationships.  Lastly, existing research on coaching relationships within organizational settings demonstrates that effectiveness is contingent upon the presence of several characteristics exhibited by coaches.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In view of this assertion, it can be argued that the characteristics associated with best coaches include: genuine care and interest; demonstrated ability to assist the employee in continuous learning; effective communication and interpersonal skills; capacity to show mutual respect, empathy, authenticity and genuineness for establishing an effective relationship; and ability to attain a higher perceived similarity between the coach and the subordinate. Overall, these characteristics should be employed by supervisors and managers in coaching relationships to establish distinctive relationships that are tailored to the subordinate’s needs, achieve genuineness of the relationships, facilitate effective communication between the supervisor and employee, guarantee comfort in the relationships, and facilitate subordinate’s personal and professional development. Coaching relationships in organizational settings often fail to achieve effectiveness in the absence of these characteristics and attributes. This essay on Coaching Relationships and Characteristics was written and submitted by user Alexa U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dubailand Final Case Study Essays

Dubailand Final Case Study Essays Dubailand Final Case Study Essay Dubailand Final Case Study Essay Essay Topic: Orlando The oil and natural gas industry in the AJAX has allowed Dubbed to pull in investors from neighboring countries in the region, as well as significant human and social capital, giving the city even more fuel for excessive growth. Dubbed is now a global leader in trade, travel, and business, and it is using its competitive advantages in order to diversify its strengths into a variety of businesses and industries. Through its convenient location, its oil and gas assets, and its diverse human capital, Dubbed has positioned itself as the center Of world trade not only in the Middle East, but worldwide. It is no surprise that Dubbed has been able to use its central location in order become a major player in both the shipping and aviation industries. The AJAX was able construct the largest port on the Persian Gulf which made the region a great cargo hub in the Middle East and stimulated trade with China. Dubbed has also established one of the largest airports in the world and accommodates over 60 million flying passengers per year. Because of Tubas prime location and ease of access, it is now a hot spot for luxury, leisure, and tourism. The vast growth in business and tourism in Dubbed make the city an excellent place for investors in the retail, entertainment, and real estate industries to spend their money. Dubbed is now filled with lavish stores, restaurants, and nightclubs. The citys magnificent skyscrapers and extraordinary hotels and real estate are now as impressive as any in the world, and Dubbed will continue to use what it has built in order to keep expanding and drawing in tourism money from all over the world. While Tableland was in some ways inspired by Disneyland, there were numerous differences between the two, most of which were driven by the different conditions and environments. While Disney was an already successful private enterprise in the largest free market economy and its Florida project, Disneyland was led by it. Disney chose the site in Florida for its year round temperate weather, access infrastructure and existing tourism industry. No doubt, state government hospitality to the project would have been a factor in the decision as well and perhaps the State government in Florida encouraged the project and acted as a supportive partner. Disneyland Orlando also had an advantage in having a proven model in its California Disneyland in a fairly similar market both destinations would aim mainly at American Family holidaymakers from the region, making demand prediction and consumer behavior a little more predictable than if the project were based elsewhere in the world. Tableland on the other hand, was a project being led and driven by the oil rich Emirate of Tubas political leadership. This was one of many enormous development projects in the region that were mimed at building a non oil economy on which the AAU could depend in the post fossil fuel future. It had succeeded in establishing itself and Dubbed in particular as a tourism, business and trading hub and was determined to scale those aspects of its economy up, massively. The Emirs controlled the United Emirates with unopposed authority and with immense oil capital which they were able to use to aggressively develop their infrastructure. The Arab leadership represented the Arab population that was now only 5% of the people in Dubbed, for example which was filled with expatriate workers aging advantage of the low tax and fast growth environment and contributing to the burgeoning economy of the Emirate. The Emirs protected the local interests and took every advantage possible of talent, capital and expertise from around the world while expertly strategists and managed their economy. While they bull a cosmopolitan culture to attract and retain this talent as well as tourism, the deeper sensibilities were steeped in Islamic and Arab tradition and formality. The site for the project would by definition be in an area with Oppressive heat through the year and an unremarkable Netscape apart from pristine sand dunes. Sheikh Maximum, the Crown Prince of Dubbed would develop this area while also developing the access infrastructure around it including road and air travel and hotels. It would also face the task of building massive water desalination capabilities for the area and ensure a global marketing operation beyond comparison. Its long term success would be dependent on attracting enough visitors (1 5 million per year was the target) most of whom would be international tourists. While the government would focus on these aspects the Tableland business model mimed at building private partnerships and attracting developers who would build portions of the project or through leases where private companies would operate particular attractions or facilities and stores. This public- Private partnership model enabled the project to be enormously scalable and created opportunities for investment but would lack some of the control that Disney would have on its own, owned projects like the one in Orlando. Tourism itself was the center of Tubas plans to move away from its dependency on oil. Its lack of cultural, historic or natural attractions meant ours would revolve around amusement, shopping and a wide variety of activities. Therefore Tableland was a part of the initiative to build the area as the worlds leading tourism hub. Disneyland on the other hand aimed to capitalize on existing tourism traffic and further build on it. The brand that was being sold to potential visitors also had its subtle differences. The Disneyland brand is centered on the magic of Disney itself and its rich portfolio of stories, characters and inescapable multi-media content that American consumers were constantly exposed to. The sense Of anticipation bout Disneyland would therefore be significant and while it created expectations it created the possibility for modernization. Tableland on the other hand would have to build an entirely new brand for itself and this would be based on the sheer scale and unparalleled variety on offer. It would attractive to Asian and European tourists for its accessibility and short flying distance, lower cost than the options in those geographies and for having options for every possible type of person and therefore family member. It would position itself as a self contained destination with every leisure facility imaginable. Perhaps related, Disney kept the project secret until launch to prevent real estate escalation in the area while they were still acquiring land for the project. They would be able to attract tourists after the project had been fully built. Tableland on the other hand depended on actively promoting the project around the world while it was even in its nascent stages, to be able to attract investors and to build, phase by phase, visibility to attract tourists. The Sheikh of Dubbed has played a major role in development of Dubbed. He had vision and tact to maneuver his extravagant plan for Dubbed awards success while at the same time keeping in mind the conservative fabric of his society. His development model was based on the end goal of reducing Tubas dependence oil revenues. Due to factor conditions, Middle Eastern countries have abundant oil reserves and oil trade contributes a majority percentage to their total revenue. Due to this advantage, middle- eastern countries are reaping tremendous monetary benefits and will continue to do so till their oil reserves are not depleted. These benefits have soloed them into focusing all their attention to the oil and gas sector. However, in the long run, their core competency will transform into core rigidity. And thats exactly what The Sheikh of Dubbed plans to not let happen. He has used different factor conditions available in his region to diversify economic activities. Development of ports and transforming Dubbed Into an aviation hub are some of his initiatives. At the same time, with tough citizenship and ownership laws, he has made sure to not neglect the original inhabitants on the region. And it is these tough laws that foreign individuals and firms should evaluate prior to investing in Dubbed. Foreign nationals have been known to be imprisoned for breaking Seas very stringent laws. Financial default is punishable by imprisonment. Pathetic labor conditions may result in negative publicity for investors. The war on terrorism has created a political turmoil in the region. Dubbed, till now, has not been directly affected by this turmoil but its proximity makes it vulnerable. The Dubbed government should look at other similar cases of Disneys venture into Paris and Hong Kong and how those didnt live up to expectations. The non SUCCess Of similar endeavors in regions other than USA points to a ultra difference. It may be possible that amusement parks are not an attractive option for Asians and Europeans. And since US citizens constitute only 5% of total tourists flowing into Dubbed, Tableland may end up facing similar struggles. Also, their projected figure on visitors at mill annually is way higher than the expected mill capacity of Dubbed airport. The infrastructure will also have to be upgraded to meet the expected demand. Due to the ongoing turmoil in the middle-east, it will be a difficult in attracting American tourists into Dubbed. Dubbed can also amend its visa laws with orgasm such as visa on arrival for certain regions to boost tourism. The negative publicity received due to poor labor working conditions will have an influence on the inflow of foreign investment. Power generation may become an issue and Dubbed may fall short of meeting future demand. Dubbed should invest in solar energy and utilize the ample sunlight its surface receives. Porters Diamond non SUcceSS of similar endeavors in regions other than ASSAI points to a similar struggles.

Data Analysis by SQL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Data Analysis by SQL - Essay Example Based on the results obtained, it is evident that the highest value customers in terms of the revenue are mainly from Europe, including, Denmark, Germany and France. The total revenue from US customers amounts to $ 56,029, whereas the revenue from France is $ 68,011. By identifying the products bought by the customers, their preferences can be identified. This will enable the firm to create a customer profile and make the appropriate products readily available in the proper locations. It will also be beneficial to identify the most preferred shipping service of the customers. From the database, it is evident that the United Package has been chosen for 326 times, the Federal Express was preferred for around 255 orders, whereas Speedy Express for 249 orders. Hence it is evident that the three shipping services are equally important. The orders are analysed based on the products, in order to identify the most preferred and the highest revenue generating products.The high revenue generating categories are also identified and the role of discounts in the orders are also analysed. From the analysis, the highly sold product has been found as Gorgonzoo Telino whereas the product generating the highest revenue is Cote de Blaye.However, when analysing the categories, it is found that the best selling categories in terms of revenue and number of products are Beverages, Dairy products and Confections. It is imperative to note that the least revenue generating revenues include Produce and Grains and Cereals.

Americas Railroad System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Americas Railroad System - Essay Example This method however has many shortcomings, and there was need to come up with better transport systems, in terms of security of the transport means, speed and efficiency. Railroads are one good example of much better transportation system that was invented in many countries. This paper examines the expansion of the railroad in the United States of America in the late 19th century, and its effects on the American economy. Railroads are said to have existed as early as the 6th century BC. But it is until the 16th century that railroads were put to extensive use in Europe. Europeans started using the railroads in transporting coal and charcoal from the mines. The first mechanically worked railroad was in Britain, during the second decade of the 19th century, and then the railroads were introduced to America in 1829 (Jensen 13). This led to many changes in America; it improved transportation and communication technology so much, that it could be viewed as a revolution in America. It adva nced technology; it expanded and settled America’s borders further to the west, improved economic development and communication, as well as labor and immigration. It also introduced new management policies and technology. There are three factors that reshaped America in the late 19th century. ... The civil conflict was however the stand-out event in the 19th century and the railroads played an important role in it. Railroads were used in the movement of soldiers and ammunition to war zones. There was rapid industrialization in the north in the period between 1820 and 1860, and the railroads helped create, and ultimately benefited from the rise of factory production and the agriculture that was being conducted on a large scale. The railroads in the south were not as well maintained and built as the ones in the north. Still, they played a marginal role in the tobacco and cotton trade that was the backbone of the south economy. The north therefore developed more than the south and therefore in the end, due to its industrial supremacy, was able to defeat the confederacy into submitting. The leaders of that time, president Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson David’s, recognized that the railroads will be very important in the war, and this was evident by how the soldiers on both sides of the railroads tried to use it to their advantage (Jensen 59). The south, however, did not have industries that had the ability to build new locomotives for the war, nor the political power to improve the railroads and networks in their area, to enable them to function well and therefore put up a credible fight. The north decided to take full advantage that access to the railroads provided, by creating the United States military railroad that had the powers to take any railroad it considered strategic and important into its control, so that its soldiers could use them. This body was put under the control of ranking officers Daniel C McCallum and Herman Haupt. They were given a lot of power to ensure

Fayols Four Functions Of Management Management Essay

Fayols Four Functions Of Management Management Essay The first of Fayols functions is planning. The definition of planning is defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving goals and developing plans to coordinate activities. (Robbins, et al., 2008). Planning is to assess the future and make provision for it. (Fayol, 1949). It is taking the initiative for the plan of action that managers carry out the managerial function. Mr.Seets job involves planning function. Understandably, he is the top level manager, so he has to get involved in all the manufacturing process like designing, process planning and material planning. The purposes of planning is to provide directions, so that employees can coordinate activities and corporate with each other when they know where the organisation is going and what they have to contribute to reach the goals. Hence, Mr. Seets plan is operational plans that specify details of how the overall goals are to be achieved. Apparently, it is a short term plans that covering of one year or less, but it is a specific plan which all the plans are clearly defined. He set goals of the organisation and then broken down into sub goals of each level of the organisation. In addition, planning reduces uncertainly by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate and consider the impact of change. Managers plan to anticipate changes and develop the most effective response to them. Other than that, planning also minimize waste and redundancy, when work activities are coordinated around established plans, wasted time and resources can be minimize. Inefficiency become obvious and can be corrected or eliminated. Thus, SMART (Specific, Measurable and quantifiable, Attainable, Realistic, Time frame) goals are to be enforce by the managers. Consequently, Fayol (1949) describes the general features of a product plan and the advantages and shortcomings of forecasts, noting that the best plans, make allowances for contingencies. Fayol (1949) asserts that it would be useful for those whose concern is manageme nt to know how experienced managers go about drawing up their plans and proceeds to identify the planning process. (Lamond, 2003). The next Fayols functions would be organising. According to Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter (2008), organising is defined as determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Organising is arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organisations goal. Mr.Seets job also involves organising function. He needs to manage and divide all the tasks equally to his workers in order to save time and increase efficiency. Mr. Seet divides all the work activities into separate jobs task to different department like functional department, product department, process department and customer department. He also holds meeting for every week to discuss current problems, motivate employees and appoint a team at committees. On top of that, if managers change the organisations strategy, the structure should change to support the new strategy. Structure is adapted based on increasing level of complexity and sophistication. The more routine the technology, the more mechanistic the structure can be. Hence, Fayol (1949) argues that to create an organisation it is not enough to group people and distribute duties, there must be knowledge of how to adapt the organic whole to requirement and how to find essential personnel. Thus, Fayol (1949) states that organising is to provide the undertaking with everything useful to its functioning. The other Fayols functions is leading. Based on Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter (2008), leading is defined as motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they work, selecting the most effective communication channels, or dealing in any way with employee behaviour issues. The mission of leading is to set the organisation going. (Fayol, 1949). The objective of leading is to get the optimum return from all employees, while the art of leading rests on certain personal qualities and knowledge of general principles of management. (Fayol, 1949). Mr.Seets job includes leading function. He ensures all his workers are in a friendly and comfortable work environment. He also gives training and guidance to employees by counseling whenever necessary. This can relate to the Katzs human skills and Mintzbergs interpersonal skills. (Lamond, 2003). Mr.Seet has motivates his employees by offering sales commission and bonus. According to Katzs human skills, all level of management need human skills in order to interact and communicate with other people successfully. (Peterson Van Fleet, 2004). Thus, Mr.Seet reflects the requirement of leading functions and human skills needed as a top manager. The last Fayols functions is controlling. Controlling is defined as monitoring actual performance, comparing actual to standard, and taking action if necessary. (Robbins, et al., 2008). Controlling is verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued and principles established. (Fayol, 1949). Mr.Seets job also includes controlling function. He has to make sure that the transportation or delivery of goods is safe and fast. Orders must also be taken correctly and accurately. Besides that, he also has to make sure that the monthly targeted sales are achieved and the company continues to make profit. In addition, he has to ensure the whole process is effective and efficient and also perfect product quality to satisfy customers. Thus, the objective of controlling is to point out weaknesses and errors in order to resolve them and prevent recurrence. Besides, the other objective is to contribute the smooth working of each department in particul ar and of the concern in general. (Fayol, 1949). Mr.Seet is involved in job like trouble shooting for rejected goods and work force shortage. He needs to think of a way to solve rejected goods by finding out the problems, minimize the loss and maintain customers trust towards the organisation. When there is work force shortage, he needs to make decision whether to hire more employee or working over time. This also can be relates to Mintzbergs decisional skills where he must have ideas to make the right decisions. (Mintzberg, 1975). Management is about opinions and view points that may vary among different individuals. This interview has shown that Fayols four functions were needed by a top manager. There are some exemptions on his theory depending on what type of organisation is the manager managing. As a matter of fact, Katzs theory stated that human skill is needed at all level of management. His theory is further explained by Mintzbergs 10 roles of management under the interpersonal role category. Hence, one theory cannot work without the other. Indeed, Fayols characterisation of management still represents the most useful way of conceptualizing the managers job. (Carroll and Gillen, 1987). References list: Carroll, S. Gillen, D., (1987). Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? The Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 38-51. Fayol, H. (1949). General and Industrial Management. London: Routledge. Lamond, D. (2003). Henry Mintzberg vs Henri Fayol: Of Lighthouses, Cubists and the Emperors New Clothes. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 5-23. Mintzberg, H. (1975). The managers job: Folklore and fact, Harvard Business Review, 53(4), July August 49-61. Peterson, T. O. Van Fleet (2004). The ongoing legacy of R.L. Katz: An updated topology of management skills. Management Decision, 42(10), 1297-1308 Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I., Coulter, M. (2008). Management (5th ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia.

Procedure Cost Control

Procedure for Cost Control | | | Table of Contents 1. Purpose 2. General 3. Responsibilities 4. Procedure 5. Flowchart 6. References 7. Attachments 1. PurposeTo establish a system whereby developments which affect the costs of the project are timely reported, thereby allowing for corrective action when adverse trends are detected, and to inform about funding requirements for the execution of the project. To establish a procedure to control flow of information which affects anticipated final project cost.This procedure shall be used in combination with the â€Å"Procedure for Project Variations† [1], the â€Å"Planning Procedure† [2] and the â€Å"Procedure for the Project execution Control system† [3]. 2. GeneralAt project start, generally a high level budget is available and in many cases underlaying details about estimated costs are also available. These documents, however, are in most cases not adequate for effective cost control. Therefore, this procedure req uires that in an early stage of the project a control budget is prepared, based on the available information and within the boundaries of the high level (AS SOLD) budget.Cost control within Company generally consists of the following categories:- Company Services (reimbursable Engineering, Procurement , Construction Management and outside services) also client cost reporting. – The investment cost reporting which includes all costs within the scope of the project (e. g. direct supplied materials, subcontracts, services including Company's services etc. ). – Company internal cost report which is limited to Company's services, including non reimbursable costs. The requirement for the first two categories largely depends on the scope of work for the project and the contract type.Regardless of the scope of work and the contract type, internal cost reporting will always be required. The cost reports shall as a minimum contain the following information:- Original budget. â⠂¬â€œ Current budget, being the sum of the original budget and the approved change orders. – Commitments to date. – Anticipated final, being the sum of the current budget, pending change orders and approved deviations from plan. Approved change notices which have not yet been converted into change orders are excluded from the anticipated final.They are reported in a change Order Register, which is part of the cost report. Cost forecasts shall be made regularly through sampling, trend analysis and bottoms up estimates to complete. Deviations from plan shall be made where cost forecasts at cost report line item level deviate from the current anticipated final. 2. 1 Company Services2. 1. 1 The Company services cost report includes manhours and costs of manhours, computer application, reproduction, communication, travel, outside services etc. The structure of the report has to be defined at the start of the project.Requirements for reporting in the client's code of account and grouping by client's work packages have to be carefully examined to determine the level of detail at which the costs are controlled. 2. 1. 2 In general the level at which costs are controlled should be of sufficient detail to allow for consolidation in both Company's project cost codes and the combination of client defined work packages and code of accounts. The selected level of detail must allow for reliable progress reporting in combination with reporting of the expended manhours as required for trend analysis.Too much detail generally results in reduced quality and is a waste of effort. 2. 1. 3 An â€Å"end of project breakdown† should be considered when the client requires to know the project cost in more detail than the level at which effective cost control is done. 2. 1. 4 To ease time phased budgeting and forecasting at discipline level, the cost control system should follow the work breakdown structure of the planning and project execution Control (PEC) system. 2. 1. 5 Based on the available information (budget, progress, actuals, schedule etc. , the cost engineer makes a forecast on final manhours and costs and reviews this forecast with the parties involved. For line items where the forecast deviates from the anticipated final a deviation of Plan is prepared. Only deviations approved by the project manager are included in the cost report. 2. 2 Investment Cost2. 2. 1 The Investment cost Report includes costs of Company's services at a consolidated level, direct supplied materials, subcontracts and any other costs which fall within the cost control scope. The structure of the report has to be defined at the start of the project.Requirements for reporting in the client's code of account and grouping by client's work packages have to be carefully examined to determine the level of detail at which the cost details are maintained. 2. 2. 2 In general, the level at which the cost details are maintained should be of sufficient detail, to allow fo r consolidation in both Company's cost codes and the combination of client defined work packages and code of accounts. The selected level of detail must allow realistic allocation of commitments and development of forecasted finals.Too much detail generally results in reduced quality and is a waste of effort. 2. 2. 3 An â€Å"asset breakdown† at the end of the project should be considered when the client requires to know the project cost in more detail, than the level at which effective cost control is done. 2. 2. 4 To ease the development of commitment ; expenditure curves, the investment cost control system and the planning system are preferably integrated to the extend that scheduled and actual dates for commitments can be obtained from the planning system at budget line item level.Therefore, the investment cost control structure should largely follow the work breakdown structure of the planning and project execution control (PEC) system. 2. 2. 5 The design development all owances (DDA) for outstanding commitments are to be reviewed periodically and shall be reduced over time when it becomes more certain that there are no further developments expected (e. g. vendor documents approved, inspection reports received etc. ). Grouping DDA for budget line items of the same account group into one DDA line item for that group, rather than including a DDA for each line item, is recommended.The cost report should show the value of the DDA or a back up report should be available. 2. 2. 6 For main equipment and for bulk materials the cost code is at least at requisition level. For subcontracts, the cost code is for small subcontracts at subcontract level and for larger subcontracts (e. g. mechanical subcontract) the cost code is at main category (pay item) level. 2. 3 Internal Cost Report2. 3. 1 The internal cost report shall be limited to Company's scope of work and will include for reimbursable type contracts the non reimbursable costs.The level of detail for th e internal cost report shall be established at project start, taking internal reporting requirements, such as the current cost outlook (CCO), the monthly project status report (MPSR) and executive summary report (ESR), into account. 2. 4 Cost Engineering Scope Document2. 4. 1 At job start the cost engineer issues the â€Å"cost engineering scope† which contains at a minimum the following information: * Scope of â€Å"work† to be covered by the project cost engineer. * Cost engineering deliverables, together with their frequency and timing. Report layouts and level of detail. * Project reporting period cut off dates. * Cost engineering staffing plan and cost engineering manhours. * Computer programs and methods to be used. * Anticipated involvement of estimating for the preparation of bottoms up estimates to complete and for the development of the control budget. * Planned dates for the first issue of the control budgets. * Distribution schedules. * Currency exchange ra tes and reporting currency. 3. Responsibilities3. Each project team member shall immediately respond when their input is required for reporting physical progress and to determine the anticipated finals as required for the cost report preparation and shall work towards minimizing the duration for execution of this procedure. 3. 2 The Project Manager is Responsible for:- Providing the cost engineer with information about the cost engineering scope of work, specific client and project requirements, â€Å"AS SOLD† budget and any underlaying estimate details and any other information required by the cost engineer to prepare the cost engineering scope document and the control budget(s). Approving the cost engineering scope, control budget(s), deviation from plans and cost reports(s). 3. 3 Lead Discipline Engineers are Responsible for:- Updating of material quantity forecasts after key engineering documents have been issued and for timely reporting of changes, in writing (â€Å"cha nge alert†), to the project manager. – Providing monthly updates on the physical progress of their discipline(s) and to review together with the project cost Engineer the manhour forecast. 3. 4 The Cost Engineer is Responsible for:- Maintaining the cost control system and for the timely preparation of the Period cost Reports. Expediting the Lead Discipline Engineers to ensure that they provide their timely input as required for cost control. – Comparison of vendor and subcontractor quotations with the control budget and underlaying detailed estimate and for detection of unit rate trends based on quotation and purchase order/subcontract unit rates. – Development and maintenance of planned and actual commitment versus expenditure reports from which the planned and actual cost Progress Curves are generated. . 5 The project buyer/subcontract engineer is responsible for timely input to the cost engineer of vendor quotations and purchase order/ subcontract Unit Rates. 3. 6 The project Accountant is responsible for informing the project cost Engineer about actual expenditures, currency exchange costs and invoice status. 4. Procedure4. 1 Company Services4. 1. 1 Provide Cost Engineer with the Required Information:At the project start, the project manager provides the cost ngineer with information about the cost engineering scope of work, specific client and project requirements, â€Å"AS SOLD† budget, any underlaying estimate details and any other information required by the cost engineer to prepare the cost engineering scope document and the control budget(s). 4. 1. 2 Prepare Cost Engineering Scope DocumentThe cost engineer prepares a document which lists the project requirements with respect to cost engineering and other relevant information as mentioned under item 2. 4. 1. 4. 1. Approved by Project ManagerThe approved cost engineering scope document shall be the basis for the work of the cost engineer for the remainder of the projec t. 4. 1. 4 Develop Control Budget(s) for Company ServicesThe project cost engineer converts with, when required, the support of the estimating department the detailed estimate into a control budget. The cost details are consolidated and amended as required at a control level. The control level shall be at sufficient detail to allow for meaningful control and shall allow for timely and cost effective trending, progress measurement and collection of actual costs.A general consensus with all parties involved about the work breakdown structure should exist prior to the actual conversion takes place. 4. 1. 5 Approved by Project ManagerThe project Manager shall approve the control budget which than becomes the â€Å"original budget† of the project. 4. 1. 6 Approved Change OrderAdjustments of the budget require an approved change order once the control budget has been approved. Details of each Approved change order are recorded separately at control budget level, thereby maintaining a complete back-up of the approved changes.The approved change orders together with the â€Å"original budget† form the â€Å"current budget†. 4. 1. 7 Company Services Expended Costs & Manhours and Invoice StatusFollowing the monthly cut off, the project accountant shall provide the cost engineer with information about all expended manhours, manhours costs and other costs of Company services. Preferably at control budget line item level, or at a more detailed level which allows for consolidation at control budget line item level. For reimbursable type projects, the project accountant shall not only provide internal costs, but also the costs to the client at the same level of detail.The project accountant shall inform the cost engineer in detail about any delayed cost bookings or provisional bookings. Furthermore, the project accountant provides the invoice status information as required for the executive summary report. 4. 1. 8 Physical Progress at Control Budget Leve lFollowing the monthly cut off, the planning engineer provides the cost engineer with physical progress information (percentage complete) at control budget line item level for engineering and subcontract work. The progress information must have been reviewed with the disciplines involved prior to passing it on to the cost engineer.It is preferred that the engineering physical progress is obtained from the â€Å"project execution control† system (PEC). 4. 1. 9 Cost ForecastByanalyzing the available information about budget, actuals and physical progress and using historical data, the cost engineer makes a forecast about the final project costs at budget line item level. When there are indications of major deviations from the current anticipated finals, a bottoms up detailed estimate to complete might be required to generate a reliable forecast.Towards the end of the project the forecast should be based on â€Å"punch list† items to be completed. The cost engineer shall review these forecasts with the disciplines involved. 4. 1. 10 Approved Deviation from PlanThe cost engineer prepares a deviation from plan for budget line items which forecasted costs deviate from the current anticipated finals and for which the project manager expects that management action will not result in maintaining the current anticipated finals. 4. 1. 1 Update Anticipated FinalsThe cost engineer updates the current anticipated finals only based on approved deviations from plan, approved change orders and pending change orders for which the client has already approved the change notice. 4. 1. 12 Investment and Company Services Cost Report(s), Project Cost Report and Cost NarrativesThe cost engineer prepares following the period (monthly) cut off the Company services cost reports (internal and client reports) and the investment cost report, taking the latest information into account.The combined reports, together with the commitment versus expenditure report, the currency con version table and any other reports or curves that are required for the project from the project cost report. Together with the report, the cost engineer provides a narrative which describes the period highlights. Furthermore, the narratives should include major developments which have come to light during the last period, but for which time did not allow for the preparation of a deviation from Plan. These late developments are to be included in accordance with the procedure in the next cost report. . 1. 13 Approved by Project Manager and Cost Reports Issued. The project manager approves the project cost report after which it is distributed by the cost Engineer in accordance with the distribution schedule as defined in the cost engineering scope. 4. 2 Investment Cost4. 2. 1 Develop Control Budget for Investment Cost. The project cost engineer converts with, when required, the support of the Estimating department the detailed estimate into a control budget. The cost details are conso lidated and amended as required at a control level.The control level shall be at sufficient detail to allow for meaningful control and shall allow for timely and cost effective trending, allocation of commitments and assessment of estimates to complete. A general consensus with all parties involved about the work breakdown structure should exist prior to issuing the control budget for approval to the project manager. 4. 2. 2 Approved by Project Manager. The project Manager shall approve the control budget which than becomes the â€Å"original budget† of the project. 4. 2. Approved Change Order, Update Current Budget and Anticipated FinalsAdjustments of the budget require an approved change order once the control budget has been approved. Details of each approved change Order are recorded separately at control budget line item level, thereby maintaining a complete back-up of the approved changes. The approved change orders together with the â€Å"original budget† form t he â€Å"current budget†. The anticipated finals are updated to reflect the effect of the change order. Note that the anticipated finals may already have been updated at the time that the change order was issued for approval. 4. 2. Purchase Order/Subcontract PlacedPurchase Order and subcontract details at control budget level shall be made available for the cost engineer by the project buyer and the subcontracts manager. In particular information about options and other relevant information which will influence the final commitments is to be highlighted. 4. 2. 5 Update Commitment versus Expenditure Report and Forecast FinalThe cost Engineer shall regularly update the commitments versus expenditure report with purchase order and subcontract details. Furthermore, the project cost engineer shall evaluate the forecast finals to reflect the effect of the commitments.A design development allowance for outstanding commitments has to be included in the forecast finals at the time of commitment and subsequently reduced over time. 4. 2. 6 Issue of Key Engineering DocumentsThe lead discipline engineer shall review the material quantity requirements when key engineering documents (e. g. P&ID's, equipment summary sheets, MTO's, requisitions) are issued to determine whether forecasts require to be updated. Generally it will not be required to have documents which cover the complete scope of work.Comparing samples with the detailed estimate will generally be an adequate basis to determine trends in material and installation requirements. 4. 2. 7 Revised Quantity Forecast/Prepare Change AlertThe lead discipline engineer prepares a change alert and issues it to the project manager when he determines the need to revise the current material and/or installation requirement forecast. 4. 2. 8 Vendor Quotations/Purchase Order Unit RatesThe project cost engineer shall compare the unit rates obtained from vendor quotations and purchase orders with the unit rates in the detailed estimate. . 2. 9 Revised Unit Rates/Prepare Change AlertThe project cost engineer shall prepare a change alert and issue it to the project manager when he determines the need to change the current forecast finals as a result of change in the unit rates. 4. 2. 10 Approved by Project Manager – Approved Deviation from PlanUpon approval of the change Alert by the project manager, the cost engineer prepares a deviation from plan which reflects the changed unit rates or the changed material and/or installation requirements.This deviation from plan is approved by the project manager prior to incorporating it into the cost report. 4. 2. 11 Invoice Paid? Update Commitments Versus Expenditure Report. The cost engineer updates the commitment versus expenditure report with the expended amounts. Furthermore, the cost engineer ensures that any design development allowances for the corresponding budget line item is removed from the cost forecast when final payments have been made.All parti es involved, in particular, the project manager, the construction manager, the project buyer and the subcontracts manager, shall inform the cost engineer about (potential) claims or other costs for which the cost engineer might have to make reservations. 4. 2. 12 Cost ForecastBy analyzing the available information about budget, commitments and forecasts to complete and using historical data, the cost engineer makes a forecast about the final project costs at budget line item level. When there are indications of major deviations from the current anticipated finals, a bottoms up detailed estimate to complete might be equired to generate a reliable forecast. Towards the end of the project the forecast should be based on â€Å"punch list† items to be completed. The cost engineer shall review these forecasts with the disciplines involved. 4. 2. 13 Deviation form Anticipated Final? The cost engineer prepares a deviation from plan for budget line items which forecasted cost deviate from the current anticipated finals and for which the project manager expects that management action will not result in maintaining the current anticipated finals. 4. 2. 4 ContinuationThe Investment cost section of this procedure joins the Company services section at item 4. 1. 12. 5. FlowchartThe Cost Control Flowchart consist of the following interlinked sections:6. References | Document Number| Description| | 6. 1| CM-PE-313| Control of Project Variations| 2| 6. 2| CM-PE-910| Planning Procedure| 2| 6. 3| | Procedure for the Project Execution Control System (Later)| | | | | No Iframes | | | | Gadgets powered by Google| | ‘reliability is yet to become the most important characterstic of modern companies' home | privacy | legal

Philosophy of Knowledge Essay

David Hume’s â€Å"The Origin of Our Ideas and Skepticism about Causal Reasoning† states his beliefs about knowledge and his idea that we can only have relative certainty of truth. Skeptics concur that there is not enough evidence to predict the future or prove truth. In â€Å"An Argument Against Skepticism,† John Hospers argues that we can have absolute certainty because there is enough evidence from the past and from our own experiences to prove an argument to be true. Although both Hume and Hospers make strong arguments, Hospers’ philosophical beliefs on different levels of knowledge and evidence are more convincing than Hume’s concepts on knowledge and truth. Hume’s argument is based on the idea that we can only be certain of analytical truths, such as mathematics; synthetic truths, or â€Å"matters of fact† are only and can only be probable, not truth. He believes that induction cannot be rationally justified because the premises support but do not guarantee the conclusion to the argument. Hume states that through experience, people assume that the future will represent the past, and that similar things will be coupled with similar qualities. Skeptics, like Hume, believe it is not an absolute truth that the sun will rise every day; it is merely supposed that history will repeat itself. If there is any suspicion that nature will change, experience becomes useless in predicting the future. Hume questions why we should accept the uniformity of nature, and anyone who argues this point is said to be â€Å"begging the question.† He comes to the conclusion that there is no real evidence to prove that inductive arguments are true or false, and accepting them is just routine but can’t be justified. Hospers believes that because there are different amounts of evidence needed to find certain truths, there are different levels of knowledge. In daily life, we use the weak sense of know, and therefore we do not need absolute proof. Why should people be so skeptical of propositions that are not relevant to everyday life? Hospers also poses an argument to Hume’s idea that synthetic truths are probable and can never be actual truths. Hospers believes that an argument that has a probable conclusion can become a certainty, or truth, if evidence permits it. He argues that these â€Å"matters of fact† are probable until time and evidence make them certainties. Because we use the â€Å"weak sense of know† in our everyday lives, why wouldn’t we accept the uniformity of nature, and the idea that the past outlines the future? The sun will rise everyday in my lifetime, because it always has, and there’s no logical reason that it would cease to do so. If, as far as we know, nature’s past has always shown a vision of nature’s future, there is no reason to be skeptical about it. Hume’s point that induction cannot be justified makes sense but is arguable. If the premises support but do not guarantee the conclusion to the argument, it can still be easily justified with little evidence. Hospers’ view on the amount of evidence needed to prove that something will happen in the future, is much more reasonable and realistic in everyday life.

Taking a Look at the Structuralism Movement - 590 Words

Structuralism The foundation of the structuralism movement began with the idea that this was new theory. The structure of influence came from a combination of three anthropologists. Levi Strauss took the ideas of Marcell Mauss and Emilie Durkheim and applied them to the structure of cultural anthropology. His argument was that few factors separate us from apes/other animals due to language, culture, and myth. The use of structuralism is a relatively new and highly controversial theory. â€Å"The Academy of Anthropology sees structuralism as elements of human culture and they must be understood in terms of their relations to a larger, over arching system of structure.† The school of phenomenology in Germany began from 1910-1930. Developed through Ferdinand de Saussure he proposed that languages were constructed full of hidden rules that practitioners know but are unable to articulate. 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